Week 8: Copy
Do You Copy?
Published: 2/28/2023
Compiled by: Andrew Neyer
⌘C
All the copy in this Article has been ⌘C & ⌘V’d with the cited sources.
The term "cut and paste" comes from the traditional practice in manuscript-editings whereby people would cut paragraphs from a page with scissors and paste them onto another page. This practice remained standard into the 1980s. Stationery stores sold "editing scissors" with blades long enough to cut an 8½"-wide page. The advent of photocopiers made the practice easier and more flexible.
The act of copying/transferring text from one part of a computer-based document ("buffer") to a different location within the same or different computer-based document was a part of the earliest on-line computer editors. As soon as computer data entry moved from punch-cards to online files (in the mid/late 1960s) there were "commands" for accomplishing this operation. This mechanism was often used to transfer frequently-used commands or text snippets from additional buffers into the document, as was the case with the QED text editor.
“On the average, five times as many people read the headline as read the body copy. When you have written your headline, you have spent eighty cents out of your dollar.”
– David Ogilvy
After All
In visual art, copying the works of the masters is a standard way that students learn to paint and sculpt. Often, artists will use the term after to credit the original artist in the title of the copy (regardless of how similar the two works appear) such as in Vincent van Gogh's "First Steps (after Millet)" and Pablo Picasso's "Luncheon on the Grass, after Manet" (based on Manet's well-known work).
Reproduction Vs. Original
In 2010, I designed the Crane Light, a wall-mounted swing-arm fixture, for my home. After many requests from others to purchase, I started reproducing the Crane Light. Each year the reproductions improved as I discovered better manufacturing techniques and local fabrication partners while continually evaluating the product.
After years of Producing, I began asking myself whether or not a reproduction undermines the original work or becomes something better?
I recently had a profound experience seeing Van Gough's, Into the Undergrowth, at the Cincinnati Art Museum. The painting's colors and brushstrokes were overwhelming, and I felt like I was being pulled into the picture. It is a remarkable painting. When leaving the museum, I was pokin' 'round the gift shop and came across tchotchkes printed with the Into the Undergrowth image. There were notebooks, umbrellas, calendars, pens, posters, and even chocolate bars adorned with Van Gough's painting. The reproduction in this example undermines the original and turns a work of Art into a profit-driven gift shop charade.
Jigs
A jig's primary purpose is to provide repeatability, accuracy, and interchangeability in the manufacturing of products.
Jigs or templates have been known long before the industrial age. There are many types of jigs, and each one is custom-tailored to do a specific job.
A drill jig is a type of jig that expedites repetitive hole center location on multiple interchangeable parts by acting as a template to guide the twist drill or other boring device into the precise location of each intended hole center. In metalworking practice, typically a hardened drill bushing lines each hole on the jig plate to keep the tool from damaging the jig.
SOP Opera
A standard operating procedure (SOP) is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output, and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.
A best practice is a method or technique that has been generally accepted as superior to other known alternatives because it often produces results that are superior to those achieved by other means or because it has become a standard way of doing things, e.g., a standard way of complying with legal or ethical requirements.
Best practices are used to maintain quality as an alternative to mandatory legislated standards and can be based on self-assessment or benchmarking.[1]Best practice is a feature of accredited management standards such as ISO 9000 and ISO 14001.
Context
Here are links to the media we covered in class. Please call me if there is anything you cannot find ッ
“Good artists copy, great artists steal”
– Don Pablo’s Picasso
Shortcuts
In 1938, Chester Carlson, a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged photoconductor-coated metal plate and dry powder "toner". However, it would take more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to make copies was commercialized, using a document feeder, scanning light, and a rotating drum.
The company came to prominence in 1959 with the introduction of the Xerox 914, "the most successful single product of all time." The 914, the first plain paper photocopier, was developed by Carlson and John H. Dessauer; it was so popular that by the end of 1961 Xerox had almost $60 million in revenue. The product was sold by an innovative ad campaign showing that even monkeys could make copies at the touch of a button - simplicity would become the foundation of Xerox products and user interfaces. Revenues leaped to over $500 million by 1965.
RISO
Risograph is a brand of digital duplicators manufactured by the Riso Kagaku Corporation, that are designed mainly for high-volume photocopying and printing. It was released in Japan in 1980. It is sometimes called a printer-duplicator, as newer models can be used as a network printer as well as a stand-alone duplicator. When printing or copying many duplicates (generally more than 100) of the same content, it is typically far less expensive per page than a conventional photocopier, laser printer, or inkjet printer.
プリントゴッコ
Gocco (プリントゴッコ, Purinto Gokko, "Print Gocco") is a self-contained compact color printing system invented in 1977, by Noboru Hayama. Gocco became immensely popular in Japan and it is estimated that one-third of Japanese households own a Print Gocco system.[1] The printing mechanism is that of screen printing. The Gocco sets included the materials and tools to both make the screens, and to use these screens for printing. As the Gocco screens are quite small, they were most widely used for printing greeting cards, a popular need within Japanese culture. Gocco could also print to fabrics, although only across a small area. The Gocco printing screens provided accurate registration, so printing in two or more colours was practical and popular.
The name "print gocco" is derived from the Japanese word gokko (ごっこ), loosely translated as make-believe play.
"We learn rules and knowledge through make-believe play. The spirit of play is an important cultural asset.”
– Noboru Hayama
Samplers
A sampler is an electronic or digital musical instrument which uses sound recordings (or "samples") of real instrument sounds (e.g., a piano, violin, trumpet, or other synthesizer), excerpts from recorded songs (e.g., a five-second bass guitar riff from a funk song) or found sounds (e.g., sirens and ocean waves). The samples are loaded or recorded by the user or by a manufacturer. These sounds are then played back by means of the sampler program itself, a MIDI keyboard, sequencer or another triggering device (e.g., electronic drums) to perform or compose music. Because these samples are usually stored in digital memory, the information can be quickly accessed. A single sample may often be pitch-shifted to different pitches to produce musical scales and chords.
Often samplers offer filters, effects units, modulation via low frequency oscillation and other synthesizer-like processes that allow the original sound to be modified in many different ways. Most samplers have Multitimbralitycapabilities – they can play back different sounds simultaneously. Many are also polyphonic – they are able to play more than one note at the same time.
Assignment No. 8
Copy
• We will make multiple copies and reproductions, so pick an object you can confidently reproduce.
• The purpose is to add value through reproducing.
• Stretch this prompt. For example, copy a dance, a favorite recipe, a painting, or make a chip-board model of a fork, a clock, or something you can easily transport to class.
verb: to make a copy or duplicate of
noun: an imitation, transcript, or reproduction of an original work (such as a letter, a painting, a table, or a dress)
something material that may be perceived by the senses
something physical that is perceived by an individual and becomes an agent for psychological identification
1. Study an object you love.
2. Make a copy of the object you love. (Bring the original and copy to class.)
3. Look for evidences of other copies.
Questions You Should Answer:
– What copy or reproduction is more “valuable” than the original?
– How does the change in medium and scale affect the function?
– Why do we copy?
